Process for the pretreatment of activated carbon with ferric chloride

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for the pretreatment of activated carbon, capable of being employed especially for the purification of concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid.

The present invention relates to a process for the pretreatment of activated carbon with a view to destroying its reducing properties towards certain metal ions such as ferric ions.

It is known from the document by Yu. N. Sychev, published in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 1705-1710, August 1971, that activated carbon exhibits reducing properties towards certain metal ions. These properties are seen especially as the formation of ferrous chloride (FeCl₂) when gas mixtures containing ferric chloride (FeCl₃) are passed through activated carbon.

Such a formation of FeCl₂ is not necessarily advantageous and in some industrial processes can be quite undesirable

Thus, in some cases involving a purification sequence with a first stage of adsorption of "chlorine" residues on activated carbon, that is to say in practice with a view to removing free chlorine and/or residual chlorinated organic impurities, followed by a treatment of adsorption on an anion exchange column to remove the traces of ferric iron which are present in HCl, the formation of ferrous iron (Fe⁺⁺) must be avoided because the anionic columns usually employed for this purpose are inefficient for ferrous salts. Furthermore, the absence of ferrous iron at the outlet of the activated carbon column turns out to be particularly important because of the fact that anionic columns are extremely sensitive to oxidising agents, and this rules out their use for oxidising any ferrous iron which may be present in the mixture after the stage of adsorption on activated carbon which has not been treated according to the process of the present invention

A process has now been found which, using a simple pretreatment of the activated carbon, allows the latter to be made nonreducing and consequently makes it possible to avoid the formation of ions such as Fe⁺⁺ from mixtures containing iron in Fe⁺⁺⁺ form, while maintaining the adsorption or absorption capacities of the activated carbon for "chlorine" impurities.

To this end, the present invention relates to a process for the pretreatment of activated carbon, characterised in that, before being used, the activated carbon is treated with a concentrated solution of ferric chloride salt in acidified water with a pH lower than or equal to 3 until the reducing properties of the activated carbon towards ferric ions have disappeared.

The present invention is usually performed with a solution of FeCl₃ in an aqueous protonic acid and preferably by starting with an aqueous solution of an inorganic protonic acid. Aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid are very particularly preferred in this context.

When the operation is performed by starting with an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, the work is preferably carried out with a concentration of acid in water which is equal to or higher than 10% by weight. The operation is preferably performed with concentrations of between 20 and 35% by weight. Good results have been obtained by starting with an aqueous solution containing approximately 28% by weight of hydrochloric acid.

The concentration of FeCl₃ in the water containing the protonic acid must be chosen so that after the pretreatment operation the activated carbon is no longer a reducing agent for FeCl₃. Such a concentration must be deduced experimentally for any type of activated carbon which it is desired to use. In general, nevertheless, it can be stated that, to obtain this result, it is advisable to use solutions in which the FeCl₃ concentration is at least equal to and preferably higher than 3 g/1. Good results have been obtained with solutions containing more than 5 g/l of FeCl₃ when working with activated carbon sold by Lurgi under the trademarks Hydrafin 30 and Hydrafin CC8/30.

The pretreatment as defined in the present invention may be performed in any manner which allows the activated carbon to be made nonreducing towards Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions. Thus, the pretreatment may consist especially of passing an acidic aqueous solution containing FeCl₃ in the concentrations defined above through a stationary bed of activated carbon. The pretreatment may, however, also be performed under other conditions and may consist especially in suspending activated carbon in a concentrated solution of FeCl₃ in acidified water for a period to be determined by experiment. The experimental conditions, to be optimised in separate operations, will obviously depend on parameters which can vary and which are not really essential for carrying out the invention, such as, the nature of the activated carbon and pretreatments to which it may already have been subjected, the temperature of applications, the pressure, the physical state of the impregnating mixture, and the like.

To obtain the expected result, the time of contact between the activated carbon and the concentrated FeCl₃ solution depends, for its part, especially on the nature of the activated carbon and on the concentration and quantity of FeCl₃ solution employed.

The nature of the activated carbon used in the present process is not critical for carrying out the latter but depends on the use for which it is ultimately intended. It is obvious, nevertheless, that its precise nature can affect the concentration and quantity of FeCl₃ solution to be used.

Finally, it is obvious that the quantity of FeCl₃ solution and consequently the quantity of FeCl₃ fixed per gram of activated carbon is an important parameter for performing the process of the invention. However, this is a parameter which it is also appropriate to define as a function of the precise nature of the activated carbon which is used. In the case of the activated carbons Hydrafin 30 and Hydrafin CC8/30 used according to the examples of the present invention, the quantity of FeCl₃ necessary to make the activated carbon nonreducing is at least 3 g of FeCl₃ /50 g of activated carbon, that is to say that the activated carbon must fix 60 g of FeCl₃ /kg of activated carbon to obtain the particular results observed. This quantity shows practically no change with time and can be determined by any suitable physical or chemical method.

However, the precise quantity of FeCl₃ fixed by the activated carbon need not be known in order to carry out the present invention. In fact, in order to know whether the activated carbon has been suitably and sufficiently treated with the concentrated solution of FeCl₃, it suffices to take a sample of it, to pass any solution containing FeCl₃ through this sample and to measure its absorbance (i.e. the % absorption). In fact, since FeCl₃ is coloured and FeCl₂ is colourless, the difference in absorbance between the eluate and the virgin solution is the measure of the quantity of FeCl₂ formed. Consequently, if the absorbance of the eluate is identical with the absorbance of the virgin solution, there is no further formation of FeCl₂ and the pretreatment process is finished.

In addition to its nonreducing property for ferric iron, the activated carbon resulting from the pretreatment according to the present invention retains its adsorptive and absorptive properties towards inorganic and organic chlorinated impurities, and this can be exploited in applications to the purification of compounds resulting from manufacture of organic type or of inorganic type. Thus, for example, the activated carbon resulting from the pretreatment according to the invention can be employed equally well in the purification of any type of hydrochloric acid. This hydrochloric acid may originate from processes employing only inorganic compounds, such as those originating from inorganic chemistry such as, for example, those originating from the chemistry of rare earths. This hydrochloric acid may also originate from processes of treatment of organic compounds, such as organic chlorine compounds

A process which has yielded good results consists in using the activated carbon resulting from the pretreatment in a complete process of purification of hydrochloric acid solutions containing inorganic impurities such as molecular chlorine and traces of organic impurities such as chloroform, perchloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane and hexachlorobenzene.

The present invention is illustrated by the examples below.

EXAMPLE IR for comparison

50.00 g of activated carbon sold by Lurgi under the name Hydrafin 30 are introduced into a wash bottle which has an internal diameter of 36 mm (that is as a packing over a height of 75 mm).

An aqueous solution of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight, containing 2.06 g/l of dissolved FeCl₃, is passed continuously through this activated carbon. The flow rate of this solution is adjusted to 820 cm³ /h and a sample of the eluate is taken after 115 cm³ have passed through, that is every 7 min.

The absorbance at a wavelength of 480 millimicrons is measured on this sample by colorimetry with a Hach DR3000 colorimeter - program 25. Under these conditions, the starting solution has an absorbance equal to 3.240.

The results of measurements on the various samples are reported in Table I below.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                                 Sple. No.                                                                             abs.                                                            ______________________________________                                                  1     0.031                                                                    2     0.033                                                                    3     0.057                                                                    4     0.111                                                                    5     0.198                                                                    6     0.334                                                                    7     0.548                                                                    8     0.841                                                                    9     1.142                                                                   10     1.416                                                                   11     1.667                                                                   12     1.865                                                                   13     2.011                                                                   14     2.121                                                                   15     2.214                                                                   16     2.290                                                                   17     2.360                                                                   18     2.412                                                                   19     2.466                                                                   20     2.520                                                                   21     2.562                                                                   22     2.602                                                                   23     2.635                                                                   24     2.665                                                                   25     2.696                                                                   26     2.726                                                                   27     2.761                                                                   28     2.785                                                                   29     2.807                                                                   30     2.823                                                                   31     1.916                                                                   32     2.041                                                                   33     2.389                                                                   34     2.547                                                                   35     2.649                                                                   36     2.723                                                                   37     2.784                                                                   38     2.833                                                                   39     2.874                                                                   40     2.907                                                                   41     2.933                                                                   42     2.960                                                                   43     2.980                                                                   44     3.000                                                                   45     3.016                                                           ______________________________________                                          Sple. No. = Sample number                                                      abs. = absorbance                                                        

The flow rate was interrupted for a period of 16 hours between Samples 30 and 31.

Furthermore, after Sample 45, a test with ortho-phenanthroline confirmed the persistence of a low concentration of Fe⁺⁺.

It can be seen, therefore, that after the passage of 45×115 cm³, that is 5,175 cm³ of the solution with a concentration of 2.06 g/l of FeCl₃, the activated carbon still exhibits reducing properties towards Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions.

EXAMPLE II according to the invention

Example IR is repeated, but with a concentrated solution of FeCl₃ of 7.55 g/l in a solution at a concentration of 28% by weight of HCl inwater, whose absorbance is equal to 5.600.

The samples taken under the same conditions as in Example IR exhibit the absorbances reproduced in Table II below.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                                 Sple. No.                                                                             abs.                                                            ______________________________________                                                 1      0.522                                                                   2      2.170                                                                   3      4.173                                                                   4      5.281                                                                   5      5.600                                                                   6      5.600                                                           ______________________________________                                    

Furthermore, a test with ortho-phenanthroline shows that Fe⁺⁺ is no longer present from Sample 6 onwards.

It can be seen, therefore, that after the passage of 6×115 cm³, that is 690 cm³ of a solution containing a concentration of 7.55 g/l of FeCl₃, the activated carbon has lost its reducing properties towards FeCl₃, even though there is less FeCl₃ in all than in Sample IR with which it has been placed in contact.

EXAMPLE III according to the invention

200 g of activated carbon sold by Lurgi under the name Hydrafin 30 (Test 1) and Hydrafin CC8/30 (Test 2) are immersed for 60 hours in aqueous HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight containing 250 g of FeCl₃.6H₂ O/l of solution. The activated carbon is allowed to drain and is washed with a solution of aqueous HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight until the iron contents at the entry and at the exit of the washer are equal.

The degree of oxidation of the iron present in the HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight is then measured after it has passed over activated carbon treated or untreated with FeCl₃. The results of these measurements are repeated in Table III below.

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                         Untreated activated c.                                                                             Treated activated c.                                       HYDRA-      HYDRA-      HYDRA-    HYDRA-                                       FIN 30      FIN CC8/30  FIN 30    FIN CC8/30                                   ______________________________________                                         Fe.sup.++                                                                            100%      100%        not     not                                                                    detected                                                                               detected                                   Fe.sup.+++                                                                           traces    traces      100%    100%                                       ______________________________________                                          c. = carbon                                                              

From this table it can be deduced again that the reducing capacity of the active carbons towards Fe⁺⁺⁺ is destroyed by the treatment with the use of a concentrated solution of FeCl₃.

Furthermore, the reducing function does not reappear after a prolonged use of the activated carbon, and this is verified after washing with 100 l of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight in the case of Hydrafin CC8/30 (test 2) and with 1,000 l of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight in the case of Hydrafin 30 (test 1).

EXAMPLE IV according to the invention

TEST 1

The activated carbons resulting from Tests 1 and 2 of Example III are used in order to verify their adsorptive or absorptive capacity for free chlorine. To do this, a solution of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight, containing 25 mg/l of dissolved chlorine is passed over Hydrafin 30 activated carbon, and a solution of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight containing 30 mg/l of dissolved chlorine is passed over Hydrafin CC8/30 respectively.

Table IV lists the results observed.

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                                      Hydrafin 30                                                                              Hydrafin CC8/30                                                      activated c.                                                                             activated c.                                            ______________________________________                                         Cl.sub.2 before treatment of the                                                              25 mg/l     30 mg/l                                             activated c.                                                                   Cl.sub.2 after treatment of the                                                               not detected                                                                               not detected                                        activated c.                                                                   ______________________________________                                          Activated c. = activated carbon                                          

TEST II

The activated carbons resulting from Tests 1 and 2 of Example III are used for testing their adsorptive or absorptive capacities for chlorinated organic substances. To do this, aqueous solutions of HCl at a concentration of 28% by weight, containing chloroform, perchloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene and hexachloroethane in the case of Hydrafin CC8/30, and containing chloroform and perchloroethylene in the case of Hydrafin 30, respectively, are passed through activated carbons.

The results and contents of these various compounds before and after passing over the activated carbons are repeated in Table V below.

                  TABLE V                                                          ______________________________________                                         mg/l   before passing over a. c.                                                                      After passing over a. c.                                ______________________________________                                         A. Test on Hydrafin CC8/30 activated carbon                                    CLM3   12-13    ave. = 13  4.2-5.0  ave. = 4.6                                 PER    5.7-4.1  ave. = 4.9 0.9-<0.1 ave. = 0.5                                 HCBu   0.03-0.05                                                                               ave. = 0.04                                                                               <0.01-<0.01                                                                             ave. = <0.01                               HCEa   satura-  ave. = >4.4                                                                               <0.01-<0.01                                                                             ave. = <0.01                                      ted-4.4                                                                 HCBz   0.01-0.03                                                                               ave. = 0.02                                                                               <0.01-<0.01                                                                             ave. = <0.01                               B. Test on Hydrafin CC8/30 activated carbon                                    CLM3   4.6             <0.1                                                    PER    2.3             <0.1                                                    ______________________________________                                          legends:                                                                       a. c. = activated carbon                                                       CLM3 = chloroform                                                              PER = perchloroethylene                                                        HCBu = hexachlorobutadiene                                                     HCEa = hexachloroethane                                                        HCBz = hexachlorobenzene                                                       ave. = average                                                            

I claim:
 1. A process for the pretreatment of activated carbon for the purification of hydrochloric acid by destroying the reducing properties of activated carbon towards ferric ions, comprising treating activated carbon with an aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of ferric chloride salt, in which the concentration of acid in water is equal to or higher than about 10% by weight and the concentration of ferric chloride is at least equal to about 3 g/l.
 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said treatment is performed with said acid solution in which the concentration of acid in water is between about 20 and 35% by weight.
 3. Process according to claim 1, characterised in that the concentration of FeCl₃ is at least 5 g/l.
 4. Process according to claim 1, characterised in that the concentration of FeCl₃ is at least 5 g/l.
 5. A process for the pretreatment of activated carbon by destroying the reducing properties of activated carbon towards ferric ions, comprising treating activated carbon with an aqueous concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of ferric chloride salt, in which the concentration of acid in water is equal to or higher than about 10% by weight and the concentration of ferric chloride is at least equal to about 3 g/l.
 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein said treatment is performed with said acid solution in which the concentration of acid in water is between about 20 and 35% by weight.
 7. The process according to claim 5, wherein the concentration of ferric chloride is at least 5 g/l. 